JAMB Syllabus for Islamic Religious Knowledge (IRK) –

This
JAMB Syllabus for Islamic Religious Knowledge (IRK) aims to prepare the
candidates for the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME).

General Objectives | JAMB Syllabus for Islamic Studies

It is designed to test their achievement of the course objectives, which are to:

1. master the Qur’an and Sunnah as foundations of Islamic and social life;
2. be familiar with Islamic heritage, culture and civilization;
3. be acquainted with the tradition of Islamic scholarship and intellectual discourse;
4. demonstrate knowledge of Islamic moral, spiritual, political and social values;
5. be prepared to face the challenges of life as good practicing Muslims.

Topic 1: The Qur’an and Hadith – Revelation of the Glorious Qur’an

(i) Visits of the Prophet (SAW) to Cave Hira
(ii) His reaction to the first revelation and its importance
(iii) Different modes of revelation (Q.42:51): inspiration behind the veil, through an angel, etc.
(iv) Piecemeal revelation (Q.17:106) Q.25:32

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:

(i) analyse the Prophet’s (SAW) visits to Cave Hira and the purpose;
(ii) describe the Prophet’s reaction to the first revelation and its importance;
(iii) differentiate between the modes of revelation;
(iv) explain why the Glorious Qur’an was revealed piecemeal.

Topic 1B: Preservation of the Glorious Qur’an

(i) Complete arrangement
(ii) Differences between Makkah and Madinan suwar
(iii) Recording, compilation and standardization of the Glorious Qur’an
(iv) The role played by the
Companions of the Prophet (SAW)

Objectives

(i) identify the personalities involved in the arrangement of the Glorious Qur’an;
(ii) differentiate between Makkan and Madinan suwar
(iii) analyse how the Glorious Qur’an was recorded, compiled and standardized;
(iv) evaluate the role played by the companions of the Prophet (SAW)

Topic 1C: Importance of the Glorious Qur’an

as a source of guidance in spiritual, moral, economic, political and socio-cultural matters.

Objectives

(i) examine the importance of the Glorious Qur’an

Topic 1D: Proof of the Divine authenticity of the Glorious Qur’an (Q.4:82) (Q.41:42)

(i) Uniqueness of the Glorious Qur’an (Q.39:27) (Q.17:88) (Q.75:16-19)
(ii) Divine preservation of the Glorious Qur’an (Q.15:9)

Objectives

(i) evaluate the proof of the divine authenticity of the Glorious Qur’an;
(i) evaluate the uniqueness of the Glorious Qur’an;
(ii) examine the ways by which the Glorious Qur’an was preserved.

Topic 2: Tafsir

(i) Historical development of Tafsir
(ii) Importance of Tafsir
(iii) Types of Tafsir

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) trace the origin and sources of Tafsir;
(ii) evaluate the importance of Tafsir
(iii) compare the types of Tafsir.

Topic 3: Introduction to Tajwid (Theory and Practice)

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) examine the meaning and importance of Tajwid

Topic 4: Study of the Arabic text of the following suwar/ayats with tajwid

(a) al-Fatihah (Q.1)
(b) al -Adiyat (Q.100)
(c) al -Qari’ah (Q.101)
(d) at -Takathur (Q.102)
(e) al -Asr ((Q.103)
(f) al -Humazah (Q.104)
(g) al -Maun ((Q.107)
(h) al -Kawthar (Q.108)
(i) al – Kafirun (Q. 109)
(j) al- Nasr (Q. 110)
(k) al -Masad ((Q.111)
(l) al -Ikhlas (Q.112)
(m) al -Falaq ((Q.113)
(n) an-Nas (Q.114)

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) recite with correct tajwid the Arabic texts of the suwar;
(ii) translate the verses;
(iii) deduce lessons from them;
(iv) evaluate the teachings of the verses.

Topic 5: Study of the Arabic text of the following suwar/ayats with tajwid

(a) al-A’ala (Q.87)
(b) ad-Duha (Q.93)
(c) al-Inshirah (Q.94)
(d) at-Tin (Q.95)
(e) al-Alaq (Q.96)
(f) al-Qadr (Q.97)
(g) al-Bayyinah (Q.98)
(h) al-Zilzal (Q.99)
(i) Ayatul-Kursiy (Q.2:255)
(j) Amanar-Rasul (Q.2:285-6)
(k) Laqad jaakun (Q.9:128-129)

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) recite with correct tajwid the Arabic texts of the suwar;
(ii) deduce lessons from them;
(iii) evaluate their teachings.

Topic 6: Hadith

(a) History of Hadith literature –
Collection of Hadith from the time of the Prophet(SAW) to the period of the six authentic collectors of Hadith
(b) Authentication of Hadith
(i) Isnad (Asma’ur-rijal)
(ii) Matn
(iii) Classification of Hadith into Sahih
Hassan and Da’if
(c) The relationship between Hadith and the Glorious Qur’an
(i) The importance of Hadith
(ii) The similarities and differences between Hadith and the Glorious Qur’an
(d) The six sound collectors of Hadith – biographies and their works.
(e) Muwatta and its author – The biography of Imam Malik and the study of his book

(f) The study of the Arabic texts of the following ahadith from
an-Nawawi’s collection: 1,3,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16, 18,19,21,
22,25,27,34, and 41

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) evaluate the history of Hadith from the time of the Prophet (SAW) to the period of six authentic collectors.
(ii) analyse the Isnad;
(iii) analyse the Matn;
(iv) distinguish between Hadith Sahih, Hassan and da’if.
Candidates should be able to:
(i) examine the importance of Hadith;
(ii) distinguish between Hadith and the Glorious Qur’an.
(i) evaluate their biographies and works
(i) evaluate his biography;
(ii) analyse his work.
(i) interpret the ahadith in Arabic
(ii) apply them in their daily lives.

Topic 7: Moral lessons in the Glorious Qur’an and Hadith

(a) General moral lessons contained in the admonition of Sage Luqman to his son (Q.31:18-20).
(b) Goodness to parents (Q.17:23-24)
(c) Honesty (Q.2:42)(Q.61:2-3)

(d) Prohibition of bribery and corruption (Q:2:188), alcohol and
gambling (Q.2:219) (Q.5:93-94), stealing and fraud (Q.5:41) (83:1-5),
smoking, drug abuse and other intoxicants (Q.2:172-173, 195 and 219)
(Q.4:43) (Q.5:3) (Q.6:118-121)
arrogance (Q.31:18-19) and extravagance (Q.17:26-27) (Q.31:18-19)

(e) Dignity of labour (Q.62:10) (Q.78:11) Hadith from Bukhari and Ibn
Majah: “that one of you takes his rope…….” “never has anyone of you
eaten…..”.
(f) Behaviour and modesty in dressing (Q.24:27-31) (Q.33:59)

(g) Adultery and fornication (Q.17:32) (Q.24:2), homosexuality
(Q.11:77-78) and obscenity (Q:4:14-15) Hadith – “No one of you should
meet a woman privately …… “Bukhari
(h) Leadership (Q.2:124) and
justice (Q.4:58 and 135) (Q.5:9) Hadith – ‘take care everyone of you is a
governor …… concerning his subjects” (al-Bukhari and others)
(i)
Trust and obligations (Q:4:58) (Q.5:1) and promises (Q.16:91) Hadith ‘he
has (really) no faith ….. Not fulfilled his promise” (Baihaqi)
(j) Piety (Taqwa) (Q:2:177) (Q.3:102) (Q.49:13) Hadith 18 and 35 of an Nawawi
(k) Tolerance, perseverance and patience (Q.2:153-157) (Q.3:200) (Q.103:3) Hadith 16 of an-Nawawi
(l) Unity and brotherhood (Q.3:103) (Q.8:46) (Q.49:10) Hadith 35 of an-Nawawi
(m) Enjoining what is good and forbidding what is wrong (Q.3:104 and 110) (Q.16:90) Hadith 25 and 34 of an Nawawi

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) use the teachings of the verses in their daily lives;
(i) apply the teachings of the verses to their daily lives;
(i) demonstrate the teachings of the verses in their daily lives.
(i) use the teachings of the verses in their daily lives

(i) apply the teachings of the verses in their daily lives.
(i) demonstrate the teachings of the verses in their daily lives.
(i) apply the teachings of the verses in their daily lives.
(i) apply the teachings of the verses and the al-Hadith to their daily lives.
(i) demonstrate the teachings of the verses and the Hadith in their daily lives.
(i) apply the teachings of the verses and the ahadith in their daily lives.
(i) Interpret the teachings of the verses and the Hadith in their daily lives.
(i) demonstrate the teachings of the verses and the Hadith in their daily lives.

(i) apply the teachings of the verses and the ahadith in their daily lives.

Topic 8: Tawhid and Fiqh

(a) Faith
(i) Tawhid
Its importance and lessons
(b) Kalimatush-Shahadah
(i) Its meaning and importance
(ii) The Oneness of Allah as contained in the following verses: (Q.3:19) Q.2:255) (Q.112:1-4)

(iii) The servanthood and messengership of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
as contained in the following verses (Q.3:144) (Q.18:110) (Q.48:29) and
(Q.34:28)
(iv) Universality of his message (Q.7:158) (Q.34:28)
(v) Finality of his Prophethood (Q.33:40)
(c) Shirk
(i) Beliefs which are incompatible with the Islamic principles of Tawhid:
– Worship of Idols (Q.4:48) (Q.22:31)
– Ancestral worship (Q.4:48
and 116) (Q.21:66-67)
– Trinity (Q.4:171) (Q.5:76) (Q.112:1-4)
– Atheism (Q.45:24) (Q.72:6) (Q.79:17-22)
(d) General practices which are incompatible with Islamic principles of Tawhid:
– Superstition (Q.25:43) (Q.72:6)
– Fortune-telling (Q.15:16-18)
(Q.37:6-10)
– Magic and witchcraft
(Q.2:102) (Q.20:69) and 73)
(Q.26:46)
– Cult worship (Q.17:23)
(Q.4:48)
– Innovation (Bid’ah) (Q.4:116)
and Hadith 5 and 28 of an-
Nawawi

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) analyse the concepts of Tawhid
(i) evaluate the significance of kalimatush-shahadah;
(ii) identify the verses dealing with the Oneness of Allah;
(i) determine the significance of the servanthood of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW);
(i) evaluate the significance of the universality of Prophet Muhammad’s message;
(i) examine the significance of the finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad (SAW)

Candidates should be able to:
(i) determine what actions and beliefs constitute shirk;
(ii) Determine the implications beliefs and actions of shirk;
(iii) avoid such actions.

Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify those practices that are incompatible with the Islamic principles of Tawhid;
(ii) determine those practice that are incompatible with Tawhid;
(iii) shun off those actions;
(iv) demonstrate the teachings of the verses and the ahadith in their daily lives.

Topic 9: Article of faith

(a) Belief in Allah
(i) Existence of Allah (Q.2:255) (Q.52:35-36)
(ii) Attributes of Allah (Q.59:22-24)
(iii) The works of Allah (Q.27:59:64)
(b) Belief in Allah’s angels (Q.2:177 and 285) (Q.8:50) (Q.16:2)
(c) His books (Q.2:253) and 285) (Q.3:3)
(d) His Prophets: Ulul-azmi (Q.4:163-164)
(e) The Last Day: Yawm-al-Ba’th (Q.23:15-16) (Q.70:4)
(f) Destiny: distinction between Qada and Qadar (Q.2:117) (Q.16:40) (Q.36:82)

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) examine the significance of the article of faith;
(ii) examine the attributes of Allah;
(iii) examine the works of Allah;
(iv) examine the belief in Allah’s books;
(v) identify the verses on Allah’s books;
(vi) identify the belief in the Prophets of Allah and its significance;
(vii) analyse the belief in the Last Day and its significance
(viii) evaluate the belief in destiny and its significance.

Topic 10: Ibadat and their types

(a) Good deeds (Q.3:134) (Q.6:160) (Q.2:177) (Q.31:8) (Q.103:1-3) 26th Hadith of an-Nawawi

(b) Taharah, its types and importance (al-istinja’/istijmar, alwudu’,
at-tayammum and al-ghusl (Q.2:222) (Q.5:7) Hadith 10 and 23 of
an-Nawawi.
(c) Salah
(i) Importance: (Q.2:45) (Q.20:132) (Q.29:45) and Hadith 23rd of an-Nawawi
(ii) Description and types of salah
(iii) Things that vitiate salah
(d) Zakah
(i) Its types and importance (zakatul-fitr, zakatul mal, al-an-am and al-harth (Q.2:267) (Q.9:103) 3rd Hadith of an-Nawawi
(ii) Collection and disbursement (Q.9:60)
(iii) Difference between Zakah and sadaqah
(e) Sawm
(i) Its types and importance (fard, sunnah, qada and kaffarah) (Q.2:183-185) 3rd Hadith of an-Nawawi
(ii) People exempted from sawm
(iii) Things that vitiate sawm
(f) Hajj
(i) Its importance (Q.2:158 and 197) (Q.3:97) (Q.22:27-28)
(ii) Type (Ifrad, Qiran and Tamattu)
(iii) Essentials of Hajj (Arkan al Hajj)
(v) Conditions for the performance of
Hajj
(iv) Differences between Hajj and Umrah
(g) Jihad: Concept, kinds, manner and
Lessons (Q.2:190-193) (Q.22:39-40)

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) determine what constitutes acts of ibadah;
(ii) distinguish between the different types of taharah;
(i) assess the importance of salah to a Muslim’s life;
(ii) analyse different types of salah;
(iii) identify things that vitiate salah.
(i) differentiate between the various types of zakkah and the time of giving them out;
(ii) determine how to collect and distribute zakah;
(iii) distinguish between zakah and sadaqah
(i) compare the various types of sawm;
(ii) determine the people who are exempted from fasting;
(iii) determine things that vitiate fasting.
(i) examine the importance of Hajj;
(ii) differentiate between the types of Hajj;
(iii) determine the essentials of Hajj;
(iv) evaluate the conditions for performance of Hajj;
(v) differentiate between Hajj and Umrah.
(i) examine the concepts of jihad and its type;
(ii) evaluate the manner of carrying out jihad and its lessons.

Topic 11: Family Matters

(a) Marriage
(i) Importance (Q.16:72) (Q.24:32)
(Q.30:20-21)
(ii) Prohibited categories (Q.2:221) (Q.4:22-24)
(iii) Conditions for its validity (Q.4:4) (Q.4:24-25)
(iv) Rights and duties of husbands and wives (Q.4:34-35) (Q.20:132) (Q.65:6-7)
(v) Polygamy (Q.4:3 and 129)
(b) Idrar ill-treatment of wife (Q. 65:1-3)
(c) Divorce

(i) Attitude of Islamic to divorce (Q.2:228) (Q.4:34-35) Hadith “of al
things lawful ….. most hateful to Allah..” (Abu Daud 15:3)
(ii) Kinds (Talaq, Khul;, Faskh, Mubara’ah and Lian) (Q.2:229-230) (Q.24:6-9)
(iii) Iddah, kinds, duration and importance (Q.2:228 and 234)
(iv) Prohibited forms of dissolution of marriage. (Ila and Zihar) (Q.2:226-227) (Q.58:2-4)
(v) Custody of children (Hadanah)
(d) Inheritance
(i) Its importance
(ii) Heirs and their shares (Q.4:7-8, 11-12 and 176)

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) analyse the importance of marriage;
(i) determine the category of women prohibited to a man to marry;
(i) examine the conditions for validity of marriage;
(i) determine the rights and duties of the spouse;
(i) evaluate polygamy and its significance.
(i) examine the ill-treatment of wife in marriage

(i) analyse the attitude of Islam to divorce

(i) examine the different types of divorce;
(ii) differentiate between the various kinds of iddah;
(i) analyse its duration and significance;
(i) determine the prohibited forms of ending marriage;
(i) determine who has the right to custody of children;
(i) evaluate the significance of inheritance;
(i) identify the categories of the Qur’anic heirs;
(ii) determine the share of each heir;

Topic 12: Sources and Schools of Law

(i) The four major sources (the Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma and Qiyas)
(ii) The four Sunni Schools of law

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) analyse the four major sources of Islamic law;
(ii) examine the biography of the sunni schools of law;
(iii) examine their contributions.

Topic 13: Islamic Economic System

(i) Islamic attitude to Riba (Q.2:275-280) (Q.3:130) (Q.4:161) Hadith 6th of an-Nawawi
(ii) At-tatfif (Q.83:1-6)
(iii) Hoarding (ihtikar) (Q.9:34)
(iv) Islamic sources of revenue: Zakah, Jizyah, Kharaj and Ghanimah
(v) Baitul-mal as an institution of socio-economic welfare
(vi) Difference between the Islamic
economic system and the Western economic system

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) analyse Islamic attitude to Riba;
(i) relate at-tatfif and its negative consequences;
(i) examine ihtikar and its implications on society;

(i) identify the sources of revenue in Islam;
(ii) evaluate the disbursement of the revenue;
(i) determine the uses of baitul-mal in the Ummah;
(i) differentiate between the Islamic and Western economic systems.

Candidates should be able to:
(i) analyse the concept of Allah’s sovereignity;
(ii) examine the concept of shurah in Islam

(iii) evaluate the concept of justice and accountability

(iv) examine the rights of non-Muslims in an Islamic state
(v) differentiate between the Islamic and Western political systems.

Topic 15: Islamic History and Civilization – Pre-Islamic Arabia (Jahiliyyah)

(i) Jahiliyyah practices: idol worship, infanticide, polyandry, gambling, usury, etc.
(ii) Islamic reforms

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) distinguish the different types of practices common to the Arabs of al-Jahiliyyah;
(ii) trace the reforms brought about by Islam to the Jahiliyyah practices

16. The Life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

(i) His birth and early life
(ii) His call to Prophethood
(iii) Da’wah in Makkah and Madinah
(iv) The Hjrah
(v) Administration of the Ummah and the role of the mosque (Q.3:159) (Q.4:58 and 135)
(vi) The Battles of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq: causes and effects
(vii) The Treaty of al-Hudaibiyyah and the conquest of Makkah
(viii) Hijjatul-wada (the farewell pilgrimage) sermon, and lessons.
(ix) Qualities of Muhammad (SAW) and lessons learnt from them

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) account for the birth and early life of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW);
(ii) provide evidence for the call of Muhammad (SAW) of Prophethood;
(iii) analyse the Da’awah activities of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to Madinah
(i) account for the Hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) in Makkah and Madinah.
(i) analyse the administration of the Muslim Ummah in Madinah.
(i) account for the causes and effects of the Battles of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq;
(i) trace the circumstances leading to the formulation of the Treaty of Hudaibiyya;
(ii) account for the Conquest of Makkah;
(i) examine for the farewell pilgrimage and its lessons;
(i) analyse the qualities of Muhammad (SAW) their relevance to the life of a Muslim.

Topic 17: The Rightly Guided Caliphs (al-Khulafa’u rashidun)

the lives and contributions of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) trace the biographies of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs;
(ii) evaluate their contributions to the development of Islam.

18. Early contact of Islam with Africa

(i) Hijrah to Abyssinia
(ii) The spread of Islam to Egypt
(ii) The role of traders, teachers, preachers, Murabitun, Sufi orders and Mujaddidun to the spread of Islam in West Africa.

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) evaluate their circumstances leading to the Hijrah to Abyssinia;
(i) give reasons for the spread of Islamic in Egypt;

(i) account for the roles of traders, teachers, preachers, Murabitun,
Sufi orders and Mujaddidun in the spread of Islam in West Africa.

19. The Impact of Islam in West Africa

(i) The influence of Islam on the socio-political life of some West African Empires: Ghana, Mali, Songhai and Borno
(ii) The impact of Islam on the economic life of some West African states: Timbuktu, Kano and Borno

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) analyse the influence of Islam on the socio-political system of some West African States;
(i) evaluate the impact of Islam on the economic life of Timbuktu, Kano and Borno.

Topic 20: Contributions of Islam to Education

(i) The aims and objectives of Islamic Education
(ii) The Glorious Qur’an and Hadith on Education (Q.96:1-5) (Q.39:9)
(i) “The search for knowledge is obligatory on every Muslim” (Ibn Majah)
(ii) “Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave”
(iii) “The words of wisdom are a lost property of the believer ….. a better right to it …..“ (Tirmidhi)

(iv) Intellectual activities of Islam in West Africa (development of
written history in Arabic and the establishment of Sankore University)

(v) Intellectual activities of Ahmad Baba of Timbuktu, Sheikh
al-Maghili, sheikh Usman Danfodio, Sultan Muhammad Bello and Ibn Battuta

(vi) Islamic Education Institutions: House of Wisdom in Baghdad,
al-Azhar University in Cairo and Nizamiyyah University in Baghdad.
(vii) The lives and contributions of Ibn Sina, Al-Ghazali, IBn Rushdi, ar-Razio and ibn Khaldun to education.

Objectives

Candidates should be able to:
(i) classify the aims and objectives of Islamic Education;
(i) assess the position of the Glorious Qur’an and Hadith in education;
(ii) examine the importance of seeking knowledge in Islam;

(i) analyse the intellectual activities of Islam in West Africa.
(i) assess the contributions of Sheikh al-Maghili, sheikh Uthman Dan Fodio, Sultan Muhammad Bello and Ibn Battuta;
(i) account for the development of intellectual centres in Baghdad and Cairo;
(i) examine the contributions of Ibn Sina to the development of Medicine;
(ii) asses al-Ghazali’s contribution to Islamic education;
(iii) analyse Ibn Rushd’s contribution to philosophy and fiqh;
(iv) assess ar-Razi’s contribution to philosophy;
(v) analyse Ibn Khaldun’s contribution to modern sociology and method of writing history.

Topics By Popularity

Given
below is an average percentage of the number of questions set on
different topics. This computer analysis was done from 17 years of past questions
to come up with these rare statistics. This information should guide
you on some of the topics you should give more attention to:

Recommended Texts

Abdul, M.O.A. (1976) Studies in Islam Series Book 3, Lagos: IPB

Abdul, M.O.A. (1982) Studies in Islam Series Book 2, Lagos: IPB

Abdul, M.O.A. (1988) The Classical Caliphate, Lagos: IPB

Abdulrahman and Canham (n.d) The Ink of the Scholar, OUP

Ali, A.Y. (1975) The Holy Qur’an Text: Translation and Commentary Leicester: The Islamic Foundation

Ali, M.M. (Undated) The Religion of Islam, Lahore

Doi, A. R. I (1997) Shariah: The Islamic Law; Kuala Lumpur: Noordeen

Hay Lal, M. (1982) The Life of Muhammad (SAW), Academic Press

Lemu, A. (1992) Methodology of Primary Islamic Studies, Lagos: IPB

Lemu, A. (1993) Islamic Studies for SSS Book 1, Lagos: IPB

Lemu, A. (1993) Islamic Studies for SSS Books, Minna: IET

Muhammad, S. Q. (2010) al-Burhanu fi tajwidil Qur’an Cairo: Shirkatul-Qudus

Opeloye, M.O. (1996) A Dictionary of Peoples and Places in the Qur’an, Lagos: Academic Press

Philips, A. A. B. (1997) Usool at-Tafseer, Kuala Lumpur: Noordeen

Quadri, Y.A. et al (1990) Al-Iziyyah for the English Audience, Ijebu Ode: Shebiotiom Publication

Rahim, A. (1992) Islamic History, Lagos: IPB

Sambo, M.B. et. Al (1984) Islamic Religious Knowledge for WASC Book 1, Lagos: IPB

Sambo, M.B. et. Al (1984) Islamic Religious Knowledge for WASC Book 3, Lagos: IPB

Trimingham, J.S. (1993) A History of Islam in West Africa, Oxford, OUP

JAMB Syllabus for Islamic Studies | PDF Document